Research

@article{klee2026measures,

title = {Measures of fatigue and performance are related to user interface and task in a communication BCI},

author = {Daniel Klee and Tab Memmott and Barry Oken},

doi = {10.1088/1741-2552/ae60d2},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-04-16},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Neural Engineering},

abstract = {Objective. This exploratory study compared two non-implantable Communication Brain-Computer Interfaces (cBCIs) to determine whether physiologic and self-report measures of mental fatigue, effort, and boredom were greater during calibration than during copy-spelling and whether there were differences between two common cBCI interfaces, Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) and Single-Character Presentation Matrix (SCP-Matrix). Approach. Twenty-three healthy adults successfully utilized both RSVP and SCP-Matrix speller cBCIs in a single experimental session. Participants completed a calibration task and three online (closed-loop) copy-spelling tasks for each interface and provided self-report data on state mental fatigue, effort, and boredom. Physiological measures included EEG recordings alongside autonomic markers, including blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, and pulse rate variability (PRV). Main Results. Participants reported significant increases in perceived mental fatigue, effort, boredom, and sleepiness during the session, with significant increases during calibration compared to copy-spelling. On average, users typed 1.5 more correct characters per copy-spelling phase using the SCP-Matrix interface than when using RSVP. Results for autonomic and self-report metrics were consistent with fatigue being increased during calibration tasks relative to copy-spelling. EEG measures showed increased absolute and relative alpha activity and decreased relative theta activity during calibrations compared to copy-spelling, and increased absolute and relative alpha activity and decreased relative theta activity during RSVP, compared to Matrix. P300 amplitude on average was greater during copy spelling tasks than during calibrations. Significance. Participants demonstrated increased fatigue while using non-implantable cBCIs. Evidence suggested that calibration tasks for both interfaces were more fatiguing, required more mental effort, and were less engaging than copy-spelling tasks. Increased user fatigue and perceived mental effort remain significant barriers to sustained use of non-implantable cBCI systems. Though limited, the current study enhances our understanding of user experience with cBCIs and emphasizes the need to design more engaging and concise calibration procedures.},

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@article{marquez2026improvement,

title = {Improvement of a BCI-enabled Boccia ramp through a patient engagement strategy},

author = {Daniel Comaduran Marquez and Daniella Bourque and Dejana Nikitovic and Alicia Hilderley and Eli Kinney-Lang and Iulian Ciobanu and Alison Levine and Adam Kirton},

doi = {10.70401/ec.2026.0020},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-27},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Empathic Computing},

volume = {2},

number = {2},

pages = {202531–202531},

publisher = {Science Exploration Press},

abstract = {Aims: The right to play is a basic human right. However, sport participation is often limited for children with complex motor disabilities. We developed a brain-computer interface (BCI)-enabled Boccia system that allows children with severe motor disabilities and communication difficulties to play independently. The purpose of this study was to partner with persons with lived experience (PWLE) to improve the BCI-Boccia system.



Methods: Following the Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research framework, we engaged seven PWLE. In the first session, we gathered comments from the PWLE, which were translated into a list of required features. The software was developed using an Agile approach. The second session involved a demonstration to collect additional feedback. In the third session, two PWLE tested the system in person. Engagement was evaluated using the Public and Patient Engagement Evaluation Tool (PPEET).



Results: Comments from the PWLE focused on improving the software controller and the mechanical stability of the ramp. New software controllers for coarse and fine movements were designed, and a new base was developed to enhance stability while allowing faster assembly and disassembly. The PPEET confirmed that PWLE felt their suggestions were considered and that sufficient resources were provided to support their participation.



Conclusion: We demonstrate that a patient engagement strategy can inform and facilitate improvements to a BCI-enabled Boccia system. Involving diverse PWLE throughout the design cycle may improve accessibility and user adoption in disability sports. Inclusive participation likely helps ensure that improvement efforts directly address the needs of end users},

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@article{wang2026uav,

title = {UAV Target Detection and Tracking Integrating a Dynamic Brain–Computer Interface},

author = {Jun Wang and Zanyang Li and Lirong Yan and Muhammad Imtiaz and Hang Li and Muhammad Usman Shoukat and Jianatihan Jinsihan and Benjun Feng and Yi Yang and Fuwu Yan and others},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10030222},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-20},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Drones},

volume = {10},

number = {3},

pages = {222},

publisher = {MDPI},

abstract = {To address the inherent limitations in the robustness of fully autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) visual perception and the high cognitive workload associated with manual control, this paper proposes a human-in-the-loop brain–computer interface (BCI) control framework. The system integrates steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) with deep learning techniques to create a spatio-temporally dynamic interaction paradigm, enabling real-time alignment between visual targets and frequency stimuli. At the perception level, an enhanced YOLOv11 network incorporating partial convolution (PConv) and shape intersection over union (Shape-IoU) loss is developed and coupled with the DeepSort multi-object tracking algorithm. This configuration ensures high-speed execution on edge computing platforms while maintaining stable stimulus coverage over dynamic targets, thus providing a robust visual induction environment for EEG decoding. At the neural decoding level, an enhanced task-discriminant component analysis (TDCA-V) algorithm is introduced to improve signal detection stability within non-stationary flight conditions. Experimental results demonstrate that within the predefined fixation task window, the system achieves 100% success in maintaining target identity (ID). The BCI system achieved an average command recognition accuracy of 91.48% within a 1.0 s time window, with the TDCA-V algorithm significantly outperforming traditional spatial filtering methods in dynamic scenarios. These findings demonstrate the system’s effectiveness in decoupling human cognitive intent from machine execution, providing a robust solution for human–machine collaborative control.},

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@article{ditemporal,

title = {Temporal Dynamics of Functional Connectivity during Neuroaesthetic Experience: Effects of Art Expertise and Psychological Traits},

author = {Accademia di Belle Arti Napoli},

url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pietro-Tarchi/publication/401637294_Temporal_Dynamics_of_Functional_Connectivity_During_Neuroaesthetic_Experience_Effects_of_Art_Expertise_and_Psychological_Traits/links/69aeb209ceb31f79ab25270a/Temporal-Dynamics-of-Functional-Connectivity-During-Neuroaesthetic-Experience-Effects-of-Art-Expertise-and-Psychological-Traits.pdf},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-14},

abstract = {In recent years, neuroaesthetics has highlighted how the experience of art engages brain networks related to perception, cognition, and emotion. In this study, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 35 participants (22.86 ± 1.96 years) while they viewed 70 artworks. Functional connectivity was estimated with the Phase Lag Index across theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands, and graph-theoretical metrics were derived. Analyses were conducted separately for early (0-1 s) and later (1-2 s) post-stimulus epochs, comparing experts and non-experts, as well as high- and low-empathy individuals (defined based on Interpersonal Reactivity Index scores). Results revealed that expertise exerted its strongest influence during the first second of processing, characterized by reduced theta transitivity and betweenness and increased alpha participation, particularly for familiar artworks. In the second epoch, expertise effects became more selective, with differences in beta and gamma metrics. Empathy effects, by contrast, were weaker in the first second, whereas in the second epoch empathic individuals exhibited more robust modulations, including higher path length, modularity, and altered clustering and centrality across alpha, beta, and gamma bands for high-valence and high-arousal artworks. These findings suggest that art expertise predominantly shapes early, familiarity-driven connectivity, whereas empathy modulates later affective stages of processing.

},

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pubstate = {published},

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@article{seo2026development,

title = {Development of Drowsy Driving Detection System Using EEG},

author = {Ssang-Hee Seo},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.31803/tg-20250326030355},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-13},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Tehnički glasnik},

volume = {20},

number = {1},

pages = {86–93},

publisher = {Sveučilište Sjever},

abstract = {Drowsy driving is a major contributor to serious traffic accidents, highlighting the urgent need for effective real-time detection systems. This study proposes a real-time drowsiness detection system based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and a lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN). The system comprises five main components: EEG signal acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, CNN-based classification, and user feedback delivery via an Android application. The experiment involved four healthy adult male participants with an average age of 24.5 years. EEG data were collected using the DSI-24 device, and the relative power in the alpha band from the prefrontal (Fp1, Fp2) and occipital (O1, O2) regions was identified as the primary feature for distinguishing drowsiness. The proposed CNN model, trained on these features, achieved a classification accuracy of 91.56%, comparable to the 92.66% accuracy of the more complex AlexNet model, while being significantly more lightweight and suitable for real-time deployment on embedded systems. The Android application provides real-time feedback on the user’s drowsiness level and recommends nearby rest areas to help mitigate the risk of drowsy driving. This study presents a practical and efficient EEG-based driver monitoring solution. Future work will focus on large-scale data collection under actual driving conditions to further validate and improve the system’s performance.},

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@article{xu2026f2fnet,

title = {F2FNet: An Efficient Affective State Analysis Network Reconstructing EEG From Few-Channel To Full-Channel},

author = {Zihua Xu and Tianjun Li and CL Philip Chen and Tong Zhang},

doi = {10.1109/TAFFC.2026.3671843},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-03-09},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing},

publisher = {IEEE},

abstract = {Due to the prohibitive costs and lack of portability associated with full-channel devices, portable miniature EEG devices with only a few electrodes (few-channel) are more suitable for widespread deployment in consumer applications. However, affective state analysis with few-channel EEG presents a significant challenge, as these devices only capture signals from partial brain regions. Existing approaches designed for few-channel devices do not adequately account for the critical role of whole-brain connectivity and suffer from the impact of noise in affective state analysis. To address the challenges, we propose an efficient affective state analysis Network which reconstructs EEG from Few-channel To Full-channel (F2FNet). This method aims to leverage knowledge from full-channel EEG and exclude irrelevant information to enhance the affective state analysis performance of few-channel EEG based on whole-brain connectivity patterns. To ensure information validity and consistency during the reconstruction process, we introduce mechanisms for information compression and control. Additionally, we perform alignment of compressed features within the VAD emotional space to ensure that the model's understanding and extraction of emotional features conform to the definitions of affective theories. Extensive experiments on basic emotion recognition and depression detection demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.},

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@article{kim2026sex,

title = {Sex differences in thermal sensation and EEG responses during thermal transitions in non-neutral thermal environments within buildings},

author = {Sanghee Kim and Seonghwan Yoon and Jihye Ryu and Yujeong Lee},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2026.2619000},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-02-25},

urldate = {2026-01-01},

journal = {Architectural Science Review},

pages = {1–21},

publisher = {Taylor & Francis},

abstract = {The personalized comfort model (PCM) offers a promising approach to improving building energy efficiency by integrating individual physiological differences. However, sex-based variability in thermal perception remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated subjective thermal sensation votes (TSVs) and electroencephalogram (EEG) responses of male (n = 16) and female (n = 16) participants during transitions between warm – cool (PMV +2 → −2) and cool – warm (PMV −2 → + 2) environments.



Significant sex differences (p < 0.05) in TSVs were observed 3–15 min after transitioning from warm to cool conditions. Despite being in the same thermally neutral – cool environment, males (TSVm = −1.15) and females (TSVf = −2.15) reported approximately a one-unit difference on the TSV scale immediately after entry.



EEG analysis revealed significant sex differences (p < 0.05) in the right lateral beta (RLB), right medial beta (RMB), and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) bands – frequency ranges associated with subjective thermal sensation – with distinct sex-specific activation observed in the occipital region.



The correlation between TSV and EEG further confirmed that EEG activity reflects subjective thermal perception.



These findings demonstrate that EEG can serve as a physiological indicator of thermal comfort and underscore the importance of sex-specific approaches in developing personalized thermal comfort models.},

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@article{lee2025feasibility,

title = {Feasibility Study on Microstate Analysis to Enhance Generalizability in EEG Research of Construction Workers’ Cognitive States},

author = {Meesung Lee and Eren Shahrokhi and Syed Nizam Ahmed and Gaang Lee},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784486436.104},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-01-28},

booktitle = {Computing in Civil Engineering 2025: Computational and Intelligent Technologies},

journal = {Computing in Civil Engineering 2025: Computational and Intelligent Technologies},

pages = {971–979},

abstract = {The safety and productivity of construction projects are closely tied to workers’ cognitive states. Traditional methods for assessing these states often suffer from self-report bias and lack dynamic tracking. Electroencephalogram (EEG) provides an objective, real-time alternative, but its utility is limited by poor generalizability due to inter-individual variability. EEG microstate analysis, which converts EEG signals into cross-population brain network patterns, may buffer these differences and improve model performance. This study investigates the feasibility of using EEG microstates to enhance the generalizability of cognitive state classification among construction workers. EEG data labeled as desirable or undesirable cognitive states were collected during cognitively demanding tasks. Deep learning models were trained with and without EEG microstates using leave-one-subject-out validation. Results show that integrating microstates consistently improved classification accuracy, even with identical data volumes. These findings highlight the value of microstates in capturing individual variability and advancing EEG-based cognitive monitoring in construction settings.},

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pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

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@article{olikkalsivam,

title = {SIVAM: Synergy-Based Intuitive Virtual and Augmented Therapy for Mental Health},

author = {Parthan Olikkal and Oritsejolomisan Mebaghanje and Viraj Janeja and Golnaz Moharrer and Akshara Ajendla and Sruthi Sundharram and Andrea Kleinsmith and Ann Sofie Clemmensen and Ramana Vinjamuri},

url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-032-06713-5_17},

year  = {2026},

date = {2026-01-20},

journal = {Bridging the Gap between Mind and Machine},

pages = {343},

publisher = {Springer},

abstract = {With growing mental health challenges among populations and limited access to in-person therapy, there is a critical need for accessible, personalized, and non-pharmacological interventions. To address this, we developed the Synergy-based Intuitive Virtual and Augmented Therapy for Mental Health (SIVAM) platform, a real-time home-deployable system that delivers emotionally responsive dance movement therapy (DMT). SIVAM integrates full-body and hand motion capture, avatar-based interaction, and humanoid robot mirroring, while simultaneously recording multimodal physiological signals (EEG, EMG, ECG, GSR, temperature). By extracting motor synergies and affective biomarkers, the system aims to adapt choreography and feedback to the user’s emotional and physical state. The platform demonstrates low-latency communication, high-fidelity mapping of body landmarks to avatars and robots, and seamless synchronization between movement and biofeedback. A pilot study confirmed SIVAM’s effectiveness across user profiles, supporting its potential as an emotion-aware, scalable therapeutic solution tailored to the need of individuals.



},

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