Wearable Sensing’s wireless DSI-Flex is the leading dry electrode EEG system in terms of signal quality and comfort. The DSI-Flex takes on average less than 5 minutes to set up, making it the ideal solution for scientists in need of a simple, easy to use, EEG system. Our patented sensor technology not only delivers uncompromised signal quality but also enables our system to be virtually immune against motion and electrical artifacts.
The DSI-Flex has dry sensors on flexible cables, enabling scientists to place the electrodes in varying configurations on the head. These flexible sensors are designed to be screwed into custom caps, so that scientists can order 1 DSI-Flex, and multiple caps, allowing for rapid application of multiple electrode configurations. Every sensor on the DSI-Flex can be customized as either ExG, GSR, TEMP, and REP. It also has a 4-bit trigger input to synchronize with other devices such as Eye-Tracking, Motion (IMU), and more.
Used around the world by leaders in Research, & Brain-Computer Interfaces
With over 90% correlation to research-grade wet EEG systems, the dry sensor interface (DSI) offers unparalleled quality and performance
Multiple adjustment points and a foam pad lined interior enable the system to be worn for up to 8 hours on any head shape or size
All DSI systems include free, unlimited licenses of DSI-Streamer, our data acquisition software which can record raw data, in .csv and .edf file formats
Faraday cage's, spring-loaded electrodes, and our patented common-mode follower technology, provides near immunity against electrical and motion artifacts
Using 70% isopropyl alcohol and a cleaning brush, the DSI-24 only takes a minute to clean, 3 minutes to dry, and can be up and running on the next subject in minutes
All DSI systems include our free C based .dll API, which enables users to pull the raw data directly from the headset, for custom software on Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and ARM
The DSI-Flex was designed for ultra-rapid setup, taking on average less than 5 minutes to don, and works on any type of hair, including long hair, thick hair, afros, and more
DSI headsets have active sensors, amplifiers, digitizers, batteries, onboard storage, and wireless transmission, making them complete, mobile, wearable EEG systems
DSI systems exclusively work with QStates, a machine learning algorithm for cognitive classification on states such as mental workload, engagement, and fatigue
Our Wireless Trigger Hub simplifies the synchronization of DSI headsets with other devices. It features:
An additional benefit of the Trigger Hub design is that it allows synchronization across multiple data sources that are distributed across multiple systems, each of which running at its own clock rate. One such case commonly experienced in EEG experiments involves the synchronization of EEG and eye-tracking measurements, where the inevitable clock drift that arises between two systems during extended measurements creates difficulty in aligning data to events across the two systems.
The DSI-Flex can be customized so that an EEG sensor is replaced with a DSI auxiliary sensor. There are up to 7 locations on the DSI-Flex, enabling any configuration of the following sensors: EEG, ECG, EMG, EOG, GSR, RESP, & TEMP. The sensor data is collected and recorded in our data acquisition software, DSI-Streamer, where you can view the EEG and Aux sensors in real-time.
EEG Channels
Up to 7 Custom Sensor Locations
Reference / Ground
Common Mode Follower / Custom
Head Size Range
Custom Caps
Sampling Rate
300 Hz (600Hz upgrade available)
Bandwidth
0.003 – 150 Hz
A/D resolution
0.317 μV referred to input
Input Impedance (1Hz)
47 GΩ
CMRR
> 120 dB
Amplifier / Digitizer
16 bits / 7 channels
Wireless
Bluetooth
Wireless Range
10 m
Run-time
> 12 hours
Onboard Storage
~ 68 Hours (available option)
Data Acquisition
Real time, evoked potentials
Signal Quality Monitoring
Continuous impedance, Baseline offset, Noise (1-50 Hz)
Data Type
Raw and Filtered Data available
File Type
.CSV and .EDF
Data Output Streaming
TCP/IP socket, API (C Based), LSL
Cognitive State Classification
Brain Computer Interface
SSVEP BCI Algorithms; BCI2000; OpenViBE; PsychoPy; BCILab
Data Integration / Analysis
CAPTIV; Lab Streaming Layer; NeuroPype; BrainStorm; NeuroVIS
Neurofeedback
Applied Neuroscience NeuroGuide; Brainmaster Brain Avatar; EEGer
Neuromarketing
CAPTIV Neurolab
Presentation
Presentation; E-Prime
Won, Kyungho; Kim, Heegyu; Gwon, Daeun; Ahn, Minkyu; Nam, Chang S; Jun, Sung Chan
Can Vibrotactile Stimulation and tDCS Help Inefficient BCI Users? Journal Article
In: 2022.
@article{won2022can,
title = {Can Vibrotactile Stimulation and tDCS Help Inefficient BCI Users?},
author = {Kyungho Won and Heegyu Kim and Daeun Gwon and Minkyu Ahn and Chang S Nam and Sung Chan Jun},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1849849/v1},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-22},
urldate = {2022-07-22},
abstract = {Brain-computer interface (BCI) has helped people by enabling them to control a computer or machine through brain activity without actual body movement. Despite this advantage, BCI cannot be used widely because some people cannot achieve controllable performance. To solve this problem, researchers have proposed stimulation methods to modulate relevant brain activity to improve BCI performance. However, multiple studies have reported mixed results following stimulation, and comparative study of different stimulation modalities has been overlooked. Accordingly, this comparative study was designed to investigate vibrotactile stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation’s (tDCS) effects on brain activity modulation and motor imagery BCI performance among inefficient BCI users. We recruited 44 subjects and divided them into sham, vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS groups, and low performers were selected from each stimulation group. We found that the BCI performance of low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group increased significantly by 9.13% (p=0.0053), and while the tDCS group subjects’ performance increased by 5.13%, it was not significant. In contrast, sham group subjects showed no increased performance. In addition to BCI performance, pre-stimulus alpha band power and the phase locking value (PLVs) averaged over sensory motor areas showed significant increases in low performers following stimulation in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, while sham stimulation group subjects and high performers across all groups showed no significant stimulation effects. Our findings suggest that stimulation effects may differ depending upon BCI efficiency, and inefficient BCI users have greater plasticity than efficient BCI users.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Michaelides, Andreas; Mitchell, Ellen Siobhan; Behr, Heather; Ho, Annabell Suh; Hanada, Grant; Lee, Jihye; McPartland, Sue
Executive function-related improvements on a commercial CBT-based weight management intervention: Pilot randomized controlled trial Journal Article
In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, 2022.
@article{michaelides2022executive,
title = {Executive function-related improvements on a commercial CBT-based weight management intervention: Pilot randomized controlled trial},
author = {Andreas Michaelides and Ellen Siobhan Mitchell and Heather Behr and Annabell Suh Ho and Grant Hanada and Jihye Lee and Sue McPartland},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148763},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-19},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
volume = {19},
publisher = {Preprints},
abstract = {Executive functioning is a key component involved in many of the processes necessary for effective weight management behavior change (e.g., setting goals). Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and third-wave CBT (e.g., mindfulness) are considered first-line treatments for obesity, but it is unknown to what extent they can improve or sustain executive functioning in a generalized weight management intervention. This pilot randomized controlled trial examined if a CBT-based generalized weight management intervention would affect executive functioning and executive function-related brain activity in individuals with obesity or overweight. Participants were randomized to an intervention condition (N = 24) that received the Noom Weight program or to a control group (N = 26) receiving weekly educational newsletters. EEG measurements were taken during Flanker, Stroop, and N-back tasks at baseline and months 1 through 4. After 4 months, the intervention condition evidenced greater accuracy over time on the Flanker and Stroop tasks and, to a lesser extent, neural markers of executive function compared to the control group. The intervention condition also lost more weight than controls (−7.1 pounds vs. +1.0 pounds). Given mixed evidence on whether weight management interventions, particularly CBT-based weight management interventions, are associated with changes in markers of executive function, this pilot study contributes preliminary evidence that a multicomponent CBT-based weight management intervention (i.e., that which provides both support for weight management and is based on CBT) can help individuals sustain executive function over 4 months compared to controls},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zeifman, Richard J; Spriggs, Meg J; Kettner, Hannes; Lyons, Taylor; Rosas, Fernando; Mediano, Pedro AM; Erritzoe, David; Carhart-Harris, Robin
In: 2022.
@article{zeifman2022relaxed,
title = {From Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics (REBUS) to Revised Beliefs After Psychedelics (REBAS): Preliminary Development of the RElaxed Beliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q)},
author = {Richard J Zeifman and Meg J Spriggs and Hannes Kettner and Taylor Lyons and Fernando Rosas and Pedro AM Mediano and David Erritzoe and Robin Carhart-Harris},
doi = {10.31234/osf.io/w8j6t},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-07},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
publisher = {PsyArXiv},
abstract = {Background:The Relaxed Beliefs Under pSychedelics (REBUS) modelproposes that serotonergic psychedelics decrease the precision weighting of neurobiologically-encoded beliefs, and offers a unified account of the acute and therapeutic action of psychedelics. AlthoughREBUShas received some neuroscientific support, little research has examined its psychological validity. We conducted a preliminary examination of two psychological assumptions of REBUS: (a) psychedelics foster acute relaxation and post-acute revision of confidence in mental-health-relevant beliefs; (b) this relaxation and revision facilitatespositive therapeutic outcomesand is associated with the entropy of EEG signals(anindex of neurophysiological mechanisms relevant to REBUS). Method:Healthy individuals (N=11) were administered 1 mg and 25 mgpsilocybin4-weeks apart. Confidence ratings forpersonally held negative and positive beliefswere obtainedbefore, during, and 4-weeks after dosing sessions. Acute entropyand self-reported subjective experiences were measured, as was well-being (before and 4-weeks after dosing sessions). Results:Confidence in negative self-beliefsdecreased following 25 mgpsilocybin and not following 1 mgpsilocybin. Entropy and subjective effects under 25 mgpsilocybincorrelated with decreases in negative self-belief confidence(acute and4-weeks after dosing). Particularlystrong evidence was seen for a relationship between decreases in negative self-belief confidence and increases in well-beingat 4-weeks.Conclusions:We reportthe first empirical evidence that therelaxation and revision of negative self-belief confidencemediatespositive psychological outcomes; a psychological assumption ofREBUS. Replication within larger and clinical samples remains necessary. We also introduce a newmeasure, the Relaxed BEliefs Questionnaire (REB-Q),forexaminingthe robustness of these preliminary findingsand the utility of the REBUSmode},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Han, Chuanliang; Zhao, Xixi; Li, Meijia; Haihambo, Naem; Teng, Jiayi; Li, Sixiao; Qiu, Jinyi; Feng, Xiaoyang; Gao, Michel
Enhancement of the neural response during 40 Hz auditory entrainment in closed-eye state in human prefrontal region Journal Article
In: Cognitive Neurodynamics, pp. 1–12, 2022.
@article{han2022enhancement,
title = {Enhancement of the neural response during 40 Hz auditory entrainment in closed-eye state in human prefrontal region},
author = {Chuanliang Han and Xixi Zhao and Meijia Li and Naem Haihambo and Jiayi Teng and Sixiao Li and Jinyi Qiu and Xiaoyang Feng and Michel Gao},
url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11571-022-09834-x},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-07},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Cognitive Neurodynamics},
pages = {1--12},
publisher = {Springer},
abstract = {Gamma-band activity was thought to be related to several high-level cognitive functions, and Gamma ENtrainment Using Sensory stimulation (GENUS, 40 Hz sensory combined visual and auditory stimulation) was found to have positive effects on patients with Alzheimer’s dementia. Other studies found, however, that neural responses induced by single 40 Hz auditory stimulation were relatively weak. To address this, we included several new experimental conditions (sounds with sinusoidal or square wave; open-eye and closed-eye state) combined with auditory stimulation with the aim of investigating which of these induces a stronger 40 Hz neural response. We found that when participant´s eyes were closed, sounds with 40 Hz sinusoidal wave induced the strongest 40 Hz neural response in the prefrontal region compared to responses in other conditions. More interestingly, we also found there is a suppression of alpha rhythms with 40 Hz square wave sounds. Our results provide potential new methods when using auditory entrainment, which may result in a better effect in preventing cerebral atrophy and improving cognitive performance.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Li, Jian; Maffei, Luigi; Pascale, Aniello; Masullo, Massimiliano
Effects of spatialized water-sound sequences for traffic noise masking on brain activities Journal Article
In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 152, no. 1, pp. 172–183, 2022.
@article{li2022effects,
title = {Effects of spatialized water-sound sequences for traffic noise masking on brain activities},
author = {Jian Li and Luigi Maffei and Aniello Pascale and Massimiliano Masullo},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0012222},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-05},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America},
volume = {152},
number = {1},
pages = {172--183},
publisher = {Acoustical Society of America},
abstract = {Informational masking of water sounds has been proven effective in mitigating traffic noise perception with different sound levels and signal-to-noise ratios, but less is known about the effects of the spatial distribution of water sounds on the perception of the surrounding environment and corresponding psychophysical responses. Three different spatial settings of water-sound sequences with a traffic noise condition were used to investigate the role of spatialization of water-sound sequences on traffic noise perception. The neural responses of 20 participants were recorded by a portable electroencephalogram (EEG) device during the spatial sound playback time. The mental effects and attention process related to informational masking were assessed by the analysis of the EEG spectral power distribution and sensor-level functional connectivity along with subjective assessments. The results showed higher relative power of the alpha band and greater alpha-beta ratio among water-sound sequence conditions compared to traffic noise conditions, which confirmed the increased relaxation on the mental state induced by the introduction of water sounds. Moreover, different spatial settings of water-sound sequences evoked different cognitive network responses. The setting of two-position switching water brought more attentional network activations than other water sequences related to the information masking process along with more positive subjective feelings},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kim, Min Gyu; Lim, Hyunmi; Lee, Hye Sun; Han, In Jun; Ku, Jeonghun; Kang, Youn Joo
In: Journal of Neural Engineering, vol. 19, no. 3, 2022.
@article{kim2022brain,
title = {Brain--computer interface-based action observation combined with peripheral electrical stimulation enhances corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects and stroke patients},
author = {Min Gyu Kim and Hyunmi Lim and Hye Sun Lee and In Jun Han and Jeonghun Ku and Youn Joo Kang},
url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1741-2552/ac76e0/meta?casa_token=MPuDFAHtwF4AAAAA:Q_cSc8qcY0m6fnqiqPpkHv5cAIzKaJBw51nYjwygju0LbXYaujodUGwUy1RjTcbCm-MTN7ZnOg},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-06-20},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Neural Engineering},
volume = {19},
number = {3},
publisher = {IOP Publishing},
abstract = {Objective. Action observation (AO) combined with brain–computer interface (BCI) technology enhances cortical activation. Peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) increases corticospinal excitability, thereby activating brain plasticity. To maximize motor recovery, we assessed the effects of BCI-AO combined with PES on corticospinal plasticity. Approach. Seventeen patients with chronic hemiplegic stroke and 17 healthy subjects were recruited. The participants watched a video of repetitive grasping actions with four different tasks for 15 min: (A) AO alone; (B) AO + PES; (C) BCI-AO + continuous PES; and (D) BCI-AO + triggered PES. PES was applied at the ulnar nerve of the wrist. The tasks were performed in a random order at least three days apart. We assessed the latency and amplitude of motor evoked potentials (MEPs). We examined changes in MEP parameters pre-and post-exercise across the four tasks in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the dominant hand (healthy subjects) and affected hand (stroke patients). Main results. The decrease in MEP latency and increase in MEP amplitude after the four tasks were significant in both groups. The increase in MEP amplitude was sustained for 20 min after tasks B, C, and D in both groups. The increase in MEP amplitude was significant between tasks A vs. B, B vs. C, and C vs. D. The estimated mean difference in MEP amplitude post-exercise was the highest for A and D in both groups. Significance. The results indicate that BCI-AO combined with PES is superior to AO alone or AO + PES for facilitating corticospinal plasticity in both healthy subjects and patients with stroke. Furthermore, this study supports the idea that synchronized activation of cortical and peripheral networks can enhance neuroplasticity after stroke. We suggest that the BCI-AO paradigm and PES could provide a novel neurorehabilitation strategy for patients with stroke.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Kim, Nayeon; Gero, John S
Neurophysiological Responses to Biophilic Design: A Pilot Experiment Using VR and EEG Unpublished
2022.
@unpublished{kimneurophysiological,
title = {Neurophysiological Responses to Biophilic Design: A Pilot Experiment Using VR and EEG},
author = {Nayeon Kim and John S Gero},
url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nayeon-Kim-29/publication/359892380_Neurophysiological_Responses_to_Biophilic_Design_A_Pilot_Experiment_Using_VR_and_EEG/links/6294839cc660ab61f85113d0/Neurophysiological-Responses-to-Biophilic-Design-A-Pilot-Experiment-Using-VR-and-EEG.pdf},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-11},
abstract = {This pilot study explores the effects of biophilic design on university students’ neurophysiological responses in virtual classrooms through measuring relative alpha and beta power using EEG in two different display conditions: a conventional computer display and an immersive VR HeadMounted Display. Seventeen male undergraduate students from both a design major and a non-design major in their twenties at Yonsei University
participated. Seven different biophilic design cases were presented as visual
stimuli to participants in the two different conditions. Results of ANOVA
analysis revealed significant main effects of condition and hemisphere in the
relative alpha power. Results revealed there is significant interaction effect
between case and major as well as between condition, case, hemisphere, and
major in relative beta power. Results showed statistically significant differences in some electrodes of both relative alpha and relative beta measurements between some cases when presented in the computer display. In the
VR presentation, differences were found only in the relative beta in some
electrodes. This study has the potential to contribute to building evidencebased design strategies for improving biophilic design environments.
},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}
Schneefeld, F; Doelling, K; Marchesotti, S; Schwartz, S; Igloi, K; Giraud, AL; Arnal, LH
Salient 40 Hz sounds probe affective aversion and neural excitability Journal Article
In: bioRxiv, 2022.
@article{schneefeld2022salient,
title = {Salient 40 Hz sounds probe affective aversion and neural excitability},
author = {F Schneefeld and K Doelling and S Marchesotti and S Schwartz and K Igloi and AL Giraud and LH Arnal},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.26.482077},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {bioRxiv},
publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory},
abstract = {The human auditory system is not equally reactive to all frequencies of the audible spectrum. Emotional and behavioral reactions to loud or aversive acoustic features can vary from one individual to another, to the point that some exhibit exaggerated or even pathological responses to certain sounds. The neural mechanisms underlying these interindividual differences remain unclear. Whether distinct aversion profiles map onto neural excitability at the individual level needs to be tested. Here, we measured behavioral and EEG responses to click trains (from 10 to 250 Hz, spanning the roughness and pitch perceptual ranges) to test the hypothesis that interindividual variability in aversion to rough sounds is reflected in neural response differences between participants. Linking subjective aversion to 40 Hz steady-state EEG responses, we demonstrate that participants experiencing enhanced aversion to roughness also show stronger neural responses to this attribute. Interestingly, this pattern also correlates with inter-individual anxiety levels, suggesting that this personality trait might interact with subjective sensitivity and neural excitability to these sounds. These results support the idea that 40 Hz sounds can probe the excitability of non-canonical auditory systems involved in exogenous salience processing and aversive responses at the individual level. By linking subjective aversion to neural excitability, 40 Hz sounds provide neuromarkers relevant to a variety of pathological conditions, such as those featuring enhanced emotional sensitivity (hyperacusis, anxiety) or aberrant neural responses at 40 Hz (autism, schizophrenia).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Haro, Stephanie; Rao, Hrishikesh M; Quatieri, Thomas F; Smalt, Christopher J
EEG alpha and pupil diameter reflect endogenous auditory attention switching and listening effort Journal Article
In: European Journal of Neuroscience, vol. 55, no. 5, pp. 1262–1277, 2022.
@article{haro2022eeg,
title = {EEG alpha and pupil diameter reflect endogenous auditory attention switching and listening effort},
author = {Stephanie Haro and Hrishikesh M Rao and Thomas F Quatieri and Christopher J Smalt},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15616},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-30},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {European Journal of Neuroscience},
volume = {55},
number = {5},
pages = {1262--1277},
abstract = {Everyday environments often contain distracting competing talkers and background noise, requiring listeners to focus their attention on one acoustic source and reject others. During this auditory attention task, listeners may naturally interrupt their sustained attention and switch attended sources. The effort required to perform this attention switch has not been well studied in the context of competing continuous speech. In this work, we developed two variants of endogenous attention switching and a sustained attention control. We characterized these three experimental conditions under the context of decoding auditory attention, while simultaneously evaluating listening effort and neural markers of spatial-audio cues. A least-squares, electroencephalography (EEG)-based, attention decoding algorithm was implemented across all conditions. It achieved an accuracy of 69.4% and 64.0% when computed over nonoverlapping 10 and 5-s correlation windows, respectively. Both decoders illustrated smooth transitions in the attended talker prediction through switches at approximately half of the analysis window size (e.g., the mean lag taken across the two switch conditions was 2.2 s when the 5-s correlation window was used). Expended listening effort, as measured by simultaneous EEG and pupillometry, was also a strong indicator of whether the listeners sustained attention or performed an endogenous attention switch (peak pupil diameter measure [ ] and minimum parietal alpha power measure [ ]). We additionally found evidence of talker spatial cues in the form of centrotemporal alpha power lateralization ( ). These results suggest that listener effort and spatial cues may be promising features to pursue in a decoding context, in addition to speech-based features.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Gubler, Dani`ele A; Zeiss, Stephan; Egloff, Niklaus; Frickmann, Frank; Goetze, Benjamin; Harnik, Michael; Streitberger, Konrad; Troche, Stefan J; others,
The effect of chronic pain on voluntary and involuntary capture of attention: An event-related potential study. Journal Article
In: Behavioral neuroscience, vol. 136, no. 2, pp. 195, 2022.
@article{gubler2022effect,
title = {The effect of chronic pain on voluntary and involuntary capture of attention: An event-related potential study.},
author = {Dani`ele A Gubler and Stephan Zeiss and Niklaus Egloff and Frank Frickmann and Benjamin Goetze and Michael Harnik and Konrad Streitberger and Stefan J Troche and others},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000375},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Behavioral neuroscience},
volume = {136},
number = {2},
pages = {195},
publisher = {American Psychological Association},
abstract = {Although the interrupting effect of chronic pain on voluntary-directed attention is well-documented, research on the impact of chronic pain on involuntary-directed attention remains incomplete. This study aimed to investigate the influence of chronic pain on involuntary as well as voluntary allocation of attention as, respectively, indexed by the P3a and P3b components in the event-related potential derived from the electroencephalogram. Both involuntary and voluntary captures of attention were compared between 33 patients with chronic pain and 33 healthy controls using an auditory three-stimulus oddball task (with standard, target, and unexpected distractor tones). The results revealed a reduced P3a amplitude as well as a reduced P3b amplitude in patients with chronic pain compared to healthy controls, indicating a detrimental effect of chronic pain on involuntary and voluntary attention, respectively. This study extends the picture of the impairing effects of chronic pain on attentional allocation to a current task and attentional allocation to information outside the focus of attention. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
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